The insulin-like growth factor system: A target for endocrine disruptors?

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a critical regulator of growth, especially during fetal development, while also playing central role in metabolic homeostasis. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are ubiquitous compounds able to interfere with hormone action and impact human health. For example, exposure EDs associated decreased birthweight increased incidence disorders. Therefore, the IGF potential target for endocrine disruption. This review summarises state science regarding effects major classes (dioxins dioxin-like compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl substances bisphenol A) on system. Evidence from both experimental models (in vitro vivo) epidemiological studies presented. In addition, possible molecular mechanisms methylation discussed. There large body evidence supporting link between dioxins disruption, but mixed findings have been reported studies. On other hand, although only few animal investigated phthalates system, their negative association levels status has more consistently humans. A still limited. Despite lack some ED linking changes levels, need further research improve reproducibility determine degree risk posed by this clearly an area concern.